Search Livestock Brands for Your Ancestors

One of my family members recently sent me a copy of my Grandfather's Brand Certificate. As I wrote in the FamilySearch.org Research Wiki article on United States Livestock Brands,

The practice of branding livestock has existed since ancient times. In the Western European traditions, inherited by the United States, livestock brands were registered with local or state governments. The "brand" became a property right that could be bought, sold, leased and inherited. For example, early town records in New England contain lists of the brands used by the local residents.

During my research in Rhode Island Town Records, I have routinely found references to livestock brand registrations, hence my reference to New England town records. Quoting from the University of Vermont webpage on Brand Laws:

Most states have brand laws. These statutes and (sometimes) administrative regulations establish brand registration systems. These systems require the registration of brands with county or state officials to avoid duplication of brands or brands that are confusingly alike. 

Brand laws also specify where on the horse, cow or other livestock the brands can be placed. Typically, they also specify that the existence of a registered brand on an animal is proof (subject to rebuttal by evidence) that the animal belongs to the person in whose name the brand is registered. Finally, brand laws frequently provide that sale of any branded animal must be accompanied by a written bill of sale. 

In addition, brand laws often establish a system of brand inspections when livestock are sold at public auction, imported into a state or moved intra-state. Brand inspectors are commissioned to examine livestock to search for stolen animals.

Brands can be inherited, bought and sold. It is possible that the wife of a deceased rancher or farmer inherited the family's brand. It is also possible that a brand could have been inherited from her family and through the documentation, her original surname can be established.

The University of Vermont Brand Laws website lists links to most of the state's brand laws. However, the absence of a formal brand law does not mean that brands did not exist or were not recorded in a particular state. Another website listing branding requirements by state is RanchIrons.com.  However, both of these websites are incomplete. For example, they both state that they were unaware of any branding requirements in the State of Rhode Island. However, I quickly found the brand regulations for sheep and goats in Rhode Island. Here is a screenshot of the document:

In addition, there are regulations on the importation and identification of all kinds of animals and for the branding of all livestock.

On page 7 of this publication it defines livestock as follows:

Livestock. Any cattle, sheep, goat, swine, poultry, or equine animals used for food or in the production of food, fiber, feed, or other agricultural-based consumer products; wild or domesticated game; or other nonplant life, except such term shall not include aquatic animals or bees for the production of food, fiber, feed, or other agricultural-based consumer products. 

The issue here is with the term "brand." The more common practice today is for the animals to have ear tags. There is presently a National Uniform Eartagging System and Rhode Island is assigned state code 15. I also found that the "brands" referred to in the old town records were ear marks.

This example points out several important rules for genealogical research:

• There are always more records than you imagined possible.
• Your ancestors were probably more agriculturally connected than you are today.
• You can never discount the ability of governments to regulate their citizens.
• Regulations and laws create genealogically significant documents.

Just in case you need some more information about livestock brands, here is a partial list of sources. You may want to search for your state or country's brand laws and any books of brands.

Alaska, Division of Agriculture, Alaska, and Division of Agriculture. “Official Brand Book of the State of Alaska.” Official Brand Book of the State of Alaska.

Albany County Cattle and Horse Growers Association. Constitution and by-Laws and Brand Directory of the Albany County Cattle and Horse Growers Association., 1912.

Alberta, and Brand Office. “Alberta Horse and Cattle Brands.” Alberta Horse and Cattle Brands.

Alberta, Brand Office, and Livestock Identification Services. “Official Livestock Brand Book for the Province of Alberta.” Official Livestock Brand Book for the Province of Alberta., 1962.

Alberta, and Department of Agriculture. Alberta Cattle and Horse Brands: Recorded during the Period from 1st of January, 1907, to 31st of December, 1913. Edmonton: Printed by J.W. Jeffery, Government Printer, 1914.

An Index of Cattle Growers Who Registered Their Brands 1839-1882: As Found in Record of Marks and Brands in Sevier County, Book B. [DeQueen, Ark.]: [Sevier County Genealogical Society], 1990.

Apache County (Ariz.). County Recorder. Marks and Brands, 1879-1897 (Apache County, Arizona). Phoenix [Arizona]: Arizona. Department of Library, Archives and Public Records, 1969.

Arizona, and Department of Agriculture. “Registered Brands.” Registered Brands., 2004.

Arizona Livestock Sanitary Board, Arizona Livestock Board, Arizona, and Department of Agriculture. “Official Brand Book ... of the State of Arizona.” Official Brand Book ... of the State of Arizona., 1963.

Arkansas, General Assembly, Legislative Council, and Research Department. Livestock Branding and Regulation of Livestock Auction Sales; a Summary of State Laws. Little Rock, 1956.

Arkansas Livestock and Poultry Commission. “S” Branding of Heifers. Little Rock: The Commission, 1986.

Board of Live Stock Commissioners of Wyoming. Official Brand Book of the State of Wyoming, Showing All the Brands on Cattle, Horses, Mules, Asses and Sheep, Recorded under the Provisions of the Act Approved February 18th, 1909, and Other Brands Recorded up to October 11th, 1912. Laramie, Wyo.: The Laramie Republican Company, printers and binders, 1913.

———. Supplement No. 2 to the 1916 Wyoming State Brand Book. [Place of publication not identified: [publisher not identified], 1917.

Brands. [Cheyenne, Wyo.]: A.E. Roedel, 1938.

British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, British Columbia, and Fisheries and Food Ministry of Agriculture. “Cattle, Horse, and Bison Brands of the Province of British Columbia.” Cattle, Horse, and Bison Brands of the Province of British Columbia, 1989.

British Columbia, Recorder of Brands, British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture, British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, British Columbia, and Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. “British Columbia Horse and Cattle Brands.” British Columbia Horse and Cattle Brands.

Button, Marion. Stock Holders Brands, Police Gazettes 1858. Gisborne, Vic.: M. Button, 1997.

California, and Bureau of Livestock Identification. California Brand Book. [Sacramento, Calif.]: The Bureau, 1987.

———. California Cattle Brand Regulations. [Sacramento?]: [publisher not identified], 1954.

———. “Cattle Brands.” Cattle Brands.

———. Cattle Brands, 1941: Supplement No. 1 : Covering Brands Issued between July 22, 1940 and April 1, 1941. Sacramento, Calif.: State Print. Office, 1941.

California, Bureau of Livestock Identification, California, Livestock Identification Advisory Board, California, and Department of Food and Agriculture. “California Brand Book.” California Brand Book, 1960.

California, Department of Agriculture, California, Cattle Protection Service, California, and Bureau of Livestock Identification. “Cattle Brands.” Cattle Brands, 1926.

California, Department of Agriculture, California, Division of Animal Industry, California, and Bureau of Livestock Identification. Cattle Brands, 1954. [Sacramento]: California Dept. of Agriculture, 1954.

California, and Division of Animal Industry. Cattle Brands, 1926. Sacramento, CA: Cattle Protection Service, 1926.

California, Legislature, Joint Legislative Committee on Agriculture and Livestock Problems, California, Legislature, and Senate. Report of the Subcommittee on Hide and Brand Laws of the Joint Interim Committee on Agricultural and Livestock Problems. [Sacramento: Senate of the State of California, 1947.

Carter County Belles (Mont.). Brand Book for Carter County. [Montana]: [publisher not identified], 1985.

Cenac, Christopher Everette, Claire Domangue Joller, and Clifton Theriot. Livestock Brands & Marks: An Unexpected Bayou Country History : 1822-1946 Pioneer Families, Terrebone Parish, Louisiana, 2013. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=670432.

Central Idaho Stock Growers’ Association, and Newberry Library. Marks and Brands of the Central Idaho Stock Growers’ Association with Postoffice Addresses of the Members and Description of Stock Ranges. [Boise City]: Statesman Print, 1885.

Central New Mexico Cattle Growers’ Association, and Newberry Library. Brand Book of the Central New Mexico Cattle Growers’ Association with by-Laws and List of Members: April 1, 1885. Las Vegas [N.M.]: New Mexico Stock Grower, 1885.

Colorado Brand Book 1938. Denver: Colorado State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioners, 1938. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/25199857.html.

Colorado, and Department of State. State Brand Book of Colorado: Containing All Stock Brands Filed in the Office of the Secretary of State prior to January 1st, 1886. Denver, Colo.: Republican Pub. Co., 1886.

Colorado, Department of State, Elmer F Beckwith, Colorado, and Department of State. The New Colorado Brand Book: Containing All Stock Brands on File in the Office of Secretary of State up to and Including August 31, 1900 ... Denver [Colo.]: Smith-Brooks Printing Co., 1900.

Colorado, and State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioners. Colorado Brand Book 1972. Denver, Colo.: State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioners, 1972.

———. Colorado Brand Book 1977: ... a Complete Transcript of All Live Livestock Brands and Marks on Record in the Office of the Colorado State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioners, Denver, Colorado through September 30, 1977. Denver, Colo.: Colorado State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioners, 1977.

———. Colorado Brand Book 1997. Denver, Colo.: State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioners, 1997.

Colorado, State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioners, Colorado, and Department of Agriculture. Colorado Brand Book. Denver, Colo.: State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioners, 2002.

Colorado, State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioners, Edwin McCrillis, Colorado, and State Board of Stock Inspection Commissioners. Colorado Stock Brands and Live Stock Statutes 1914. Denver, Colo.: Denver Record-Stockman, 1914.

Elhard, Theodore, North Dakota, and Department of Agriculture. History and Laws Pertaining to Livestock Brands: A Brief History of Frontier Days in North Dakota Pertaining to Horses and Cattle Identification by Branding and a Copy of the Present Day North Dakota Livestock Brand Law. Bismarck, N.D.: Dept. of Agriculture, 1966.

Florida, and Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. “Florida Livestock ... Brand Book.” Florida Livestock ... Brand Book.

Future Farmers of America, and Fergus Chapter. Brands of Fergus County. Lewistown, Montana: Fergus Chapter, Future Farmers of America.

Gateway CowBelles. Brand Book for Dawson, Prairie and Wibaux Counties, State of Montana; Showing Livestock Marks & Brands Registered for Grazing Those Counties - Spring 1966. [Place of publication not identified], 1966.

Gila County (Ariz.). County Recorder. Marks and Brands, 1881-1897; Index, 1881-1897 (Gila County, Arizona). Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 2002.

Historic Ocala/Marion County Genealogical Society. Marks & Brands Book 1844-1885, Marion County, Florida. [Ocala, Fla.] (P.O. Box 1206, Ocala 32678-1206): Historic Ocala/Marion County Genealogical Society, 1991.

Iowa, and Animal Industry Division. 1985 Livestock Brand Book. Des Moines, Iowa: The Department, 1986.

Jackson, W. H, and S. A Long. The Texas Stock Directory, Or, Book of Marks and Brands: In a Series of Volumes Designed to Embrace the Entire State. New Braunfels, Tex.: Book Farm, 1940.

Jones, Steven M, University of Arkansas (System), and Cooperative Extension Service. Tattooing of Cattle and Goats. [Little Rock, Ark.]: Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, and county governments cooperating, 2014.

Kansas, and Animal Health. “Kansas Livestock Brand Laws and Regulations.” Kansas Livestock Brand Laws and Regulations.

Kansas, Animal Health, and Livestock Brand Division. 1970 Livestock Brand Book of the State of Kansas. Topeka: The Division, 1970.

———. 1975 Livestock Brand Book of the State of Kansas. Topeka: The Division, 1975.

———. 1980 Livestock Brand Book of the State of Kansas. Topeka: The Division, 1980.

———. 1990 Livestock Brand Book of the State of Kansas: This Book Contains All Brand Recordings of Record as of July 1, 1989. Topeka, KS: The Division, 1990.

———. 2003 Livestock Brand Book of the State of Kansas. Topeka, KS: Kansas Animal Health Dept., Livestock Brand Division, 2003.

———. 2008 Livestock Brand Book of the State of Kansas. Topeka, KS: Kansas Animal Health Dept., Livestock Brand Division, 2008.

Kansas, Kansas, Animal Health, and Livestock Brand Division. State of Kansas Livestock Brand Laws and Regulations. Topeka: Kansas Animal Health Dept., Livestock Brand Division, 1979.

Kansas, Kansas, and State Brand Commissioner. Livestock and Brand Laws and Regulations, 1974. [Topeka]: [R.R. (Bob) Sanders, State Printer], 1974.

Kansas, and State Brand Commissioner. 1941 Brand Book of the State of Kansas: Showing All State Recorded Brands of Cattle, Horses, Mules and Sheep. Topeka: The Commissioner, 1941.

———. 1943 Brand Book of the State of Kansas: Showing All State Recorded Brands of Cattle, Horses, Mules and Sheep. Topeka: The Commissioner, 1943.

———. 1950 Brand Book of the State of Kansas: Showing All State Recorded Brands of Cattle, Horses, Mules and Sheep. Topeka: The Commissioner, 1950.

———. 1965 Livestock Brand Book of the State of Kansas. Topeka: The Commissioner, 1965.

Kansas, State Brand Commission, Kansas, and State Brand Commission. “Brand Book of the State of Kansas.” Brand Book of the State of Kansas, 1941.

Kilpatrick, B. L, and B. F Hollon. Freeze Branding Dairy Cattle. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Cooperative Extension Service, 1970.

Kite, Wilma J. Shasta County Brands: 1850-1936. Redding, CA.: Alpha Copy Products, 2007.

Live Stock Sanitary Board of Arizona. “Brand Book of the State of Arizona.” Brand Book of the State of Arizona, 1920.

———. “Brands and Marks of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Goats, and Hogs: As They Appear of Record in the Office of the Live Stock Sanitary Board of Arizona at Phoenix, Arizona.” Brands and Marks of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Goats, and Hogs : As They Appear of Record in the Office of the Live Stock Sanitary Board of Arizona at Phoenix, Arizona, 1908.

McCoy, Joseph G, and Henry Worrall. Historic Sketches of the Cattle Trade of the West and Southwest. Columbus, Ohio: Long’s College Book Co., 1951.

Meagher County Livestock Association. Brand Book: Meagher County. [Montana]: Meagher County Livestock Association, 1942.

Merchants Publishing Company, Denver Colorado, and Colorado. The Official State Brand Book of Colorado, Containing All the Brands Filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Colorado, to October 1st, 1898, Together with Laws of Colorado Appertaining to the Life Stock Interest, Printed in Full. [Denver?, 1898.

Minnesota, and Livestock Sanitary Board. “Brand Book.” Brand Book.

Montana, Board of Stock Commissioners, Montana, State Veterinary Surgeon, Montana, and Office of the Recorder of Marks and Brands. “Report of the Board of Stock Commissioners of Montana Territory, Report of the Veterinary Surgeon of Montana Ter., Annual Report of the Recorder of Marks and Brands of Montana Territory for the Year ...” Report of the Board of Stock Commissioners of Montana Territory, Report of the Veterinary Surgeon of Montana Ter., Annual Report of the Recorder of Marks and Brands of Montana Territory for the Year ..., 1887.

Murphy, Polly Lewis. Owners of Cattle Brands Recorded at the Old Red Store, Oklahoma Territory, 1891-1897 and in West Texas, 1941-1942. Lawton, Okla. (111 NE Fullerton St., Lawton 73501): P.L. Murphy, 1983.

New Mexico Livestock Board. “Brand Book of the State of New Mexico.” Brand Book of the State of New Mexico, 1967.

New Mexico Livestock Board, and Brand Department. 1977 Brand Book of the State of New Mexico. [Albuquerque, N.M.?]: The Board, 1977.

———. 1980 Brand Book of the State of New Mexico. [Albuquerque, N.M.?]: The Board, 1980.

———. 1991 Brand Book of the State of New Mexico. [Albuquerque, N.M.?]: The Board, 1991.

———. 1997 New Mexico Brand Book. [Albuquerque, N.M.?]: The Board, 1997.

———. 2000 New Mexico Brand Book. [Albuquerque, N.M.?]: [The Board], 2000.

———. 2003 New Mexico Brand Book. [Albuquerque, N.M.?]: [The Board], 2003.

———. 2006 New Mexico Brand Book. [Albuquerque, N.M.?]: [The Board], 2006.

———. 2010 New Mexico Brand Book. [Albuquerque, N.M.?]: [The Board], 2010.

———. 2012 New Mexico Brand Book State Centennial Edition. [Albuquerque, N.M.?]: [The Board], 2012.

North Dakota, and Department of Agriculture and Labor. Information on Livestock Marks and Brands, Brand Inspector and Estray Laws. Bismarck, N.D.: The Department, 1921.

———. “Official Brand Book of the State of North Dakota.” Official Brand Book of the State of North Dakota., 1944.

Northern Territory, Administrator, Animal Industry Division, Northern Territory, Administrator, and Animal Industry Branch. “The Northern Territory Brands Directory ...” The Northern Territory Brands Directory ..., 1939.

Northern Territory, and Industry and Resource Development. Primary Industry Group Department of Business. “Northern Territory Brands Directory.” Northern Territory Brands Directory, 2003.

Northern Territory, and Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries. “Northern Territory Brands Directory ...” Northern Territory Brands Directory ..., 1989.

Norvelle, Michael Eugene. A Model for Sustainable Management of Livestock on the Commons a Comparative Analysis of Two Types of Apache Indian Cattle Associations., 1990. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:9024653.

Oklahoma, State Board of Agriculture, Division of Brand Registry, Oklahoma, State Board of Agriculture, Livestock Brand Division, Oklahoma Cattlemen’s Association, and Brand Division. “Oklahoma Brand Book.” Oklahoma Brand Book., 1950.

Ongaro, Ernest P. Brands of California: Sonoma and Marin Counties. Cotati, CA: Ernest P. Ongaro, 2008.

Oregon, and Division of Animal Industry. “Oregon’s Recorded Livestock and Poultry Brands.” Oregon’s Recorded Livestock and Poultry Brands., 1954.

Oregon, and Livestock Health & Identification Division. “Oregon Livestock Brand Book.” Oregon Livestock Brand Book, 2000.

Oregon, and State Department of Agriculture. “Livestock Brands Recorded in Oregon.” Livestock Brands Recorded in Oregon.

———. Livestock Brands Recorded in Oregon 1965. Salem, Ore.: The Department, 1965.

Pallister, Hank, and Joyce Pallister-Bronsch. Bulls, Brands & B.S.: History and Humour from Alberta’s Livestock Brand Inspectors. [High River, Alta.]: J.V. Pallister-Bronsch, 2010.

Parish, Jane A, Justin D Rhinehart, Mississippi State University, and Extension Service. Freeze Branding Beef Cattle. [Mississippi State, Miss.]: Mississippi State University Extension Service, 2008.

Pasmore, Anthony. New Forest Pony and Cattle Brands and a Guide to the Use of the New Forest Atlases of Common Rights. Lyndhurst: New Forest Research and Publication Trust, 1996.

Paul, Virginia, and L. A Huffman. This Was Cattle Ranching: Yesterday and Today. Seattle: Superior Pub. Co., 1973.

Peterson, Alan, Duane Stephens, Allan Anopol, George Griner, Mike Dunn, Home Media Connection, and Vineyard Productions. Raising Cattle. Salt Lake City, UT: Vineyard Productions, 1995.

Pinal County (Ariz.). County Recorder. Brands and Marks, 1877-1897 (Pinal County, Arizona). Salt Lake City, Utah: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 2003.

Queensland Family History Society. “Queensland Brands Index 1872-1900 and Directory 1949-1952.” The Society, 2007.

Rathmann, Ryan, and Inc Creative Educational Video. Livestock Judging Classes, Critiques & Reasons II. Lubbock, Tex.: CEV Multimedia, 2013.

Reeves, Frank, Amon G Carter, and Peter Molyneuax. A Century of Texas Cattle Brands. Fort Worth: Fair Pub. Co., 1936.

Rosebud - Treasure County Farm Bureau. Rosebud - Treasure County Brand Book. [Mont.]: [Rosebud - Treasure County Farm Bureau], 1984.

Saskatchewan, Animal Industry Branch, Saskatchewan, Department of Agriculture, and Production and Marketing Branch. “Saskatchewan Cattle and Horse Brands.” Saskatchewan Cattle and Horse Brands., 1907.

Saskatchewan, and Department of Agriculture. Brands for Cattle and Horses. [Regina].

Saskatchewan, Livestock Branch, Saskatchewan, and Ministry of Agriculture. “Saskatchewan Registered Cattle and Horse Brands.” Saskatchewan Registered Cattle and Horse Brands.

Saskatchewan, Ministry of Agriculture, Saskatchewan, and Livestock Branch. Saskatchewan Registered Cattle and Horse Brands in Suspense. [Regina?]: Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, 2010.

Saskatchewan, Food and Rural Revitalization Saskatchewan Agriculture, Saskatchewan, and Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food. “Saskatchewan Registered Cattle and Horse Brands in Suspense to ...” Saskatchewan Registered Cattle and Horse Brands in Suspense to ...

Siskiyou County Cattlemen’s Association, and Siskiyou County Cowbelles. Livestock Brands: Siskiyou County, California. [Place of publication not identified]; Siskiyou County Cowbelles: Siskiyou County Cattlemen ;, 1960.

South Australia, and Stock and Brands Department. “The Brands Directory of South Australia.” The Brands Directory of South Australia., 1913.

South Australia, Stock and Brands Department, and Archive CD Books Australia. “Sheep Brands Directory of South Australia.” Archive CD Books Australia, 2008.

South Australia, Stock and Brands Department, Archive CD Books Australia, and Gould Genealogy. “The Brands Directory of South Australia.” Archive CD Books Australia, 2008.

South Australia, and Stock and Brands Office. “The Brands Directory of South Australia.” The Brands Directory of South Australia., 1880.

South Australia, Stock and Brands Office, and Archive CD Books Australia. “Brands Directory of South Australia 1901.” Archive CD Books Australia, 2007.

South Dakota, and State Brand Board. Brands: Your Livestock’s Only Return Address. [Pierre, S.D.]: [State Brand Board], 1994.

———. Brand Your Livestock: Good Brands + Good Fences = Good Neighbors. Pierre, S.D.: State Brand Board, 1994.

South-Western Brand Book! Containing the Marks and Brands! Of the Cattle and Horse Raisers of Southwestern Kansas, the Indian Territory and the Panhandle of Texas, for the Round-up of 1883. [Medicine Lodge, Kan.]: Medicine Lodge Cresset, Barbour County Index, 1883.

Sparks, Mark. Brands & Marks, Polk County, Missouri 1835-1966, 2003.

Tennessee, Department of Agriculture, and Division of Animal Industries. “Tennessee Livestock Brand Register.” Tennessee Livestock Brand Register., 1979.

Tri-County CowBelles. Brand Book for Glacier, Toole, Pondera and Liberty Counties, State of Montana: Showing Livestock Marks & Brands Registered for Grazing in Those Counties, Spring, 1963. Cut Bank, Mont.: Pioneer Press, 1963.

Tri-County Cowbelles (Mont.). Brand Book for Glacier, Toole, Pondera and Liberty Counties, State of Montana: Showing Livestock Marks & Brands Registered for Grazing in Those Counties - Spring, 1963, 1962.

United Cattle and Horse Growers’ Association of Idaho. Brand Book with Names of Members Alphabetically Arranged. Mackay, Idaho: Press of the Mackay Miner, 1916. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/29532227.html.

United States, Congress, Senate, and Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. Amending Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, as Amended: Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, United States Senate, Seventy-Seventh Congress, First Session on H.R. 5204, an Act Authorizing the Charging of Fees for Brand Inspection under the Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, as Amended, August 21, 1941. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1941.

United States, and Department of Agriculture. Livestock Identification Reduces Herd Testing in Eradicating Bovine TB. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1964.

Utah General Assembly, and William Clayton. “Book of Recorded Marks and Brands.” Book of Recorded Marks and Brands.

Utah, and State Board of Agriculture. Utah Livestock Brand and Anti-Theft Act, 1959. [Salt Lake City, Utah?]: State Board of Agriculture, 1959.

Utah, State Department of Agriculture, Utah, and Division of Animal Industry. “Official Brand Book of the State of Utah.” Official Brand Book of the State of Utah.

Van Dersal & Conner’s Stockgrowers’ Directory of Marks and Brands for the State of Montana, 1872 to 1900. [Glendive, MT]: [Dawson County Bicentennial Committee in cooperation with the Montana Stockgrowers’ Association], 1974.

Washington (State), and Department of Agriculture. “Official Livestock Brand Book.” Official Livestock Brand Book., 1936.

———. “Washington State Livestock Brand Book.” Washington State Livestock Brand Book.

Washington (State), Department of Agriculture, and Division of Dairy and Livestock. “Official Livestock Brand Book of the State of Washington.” Official Livestock Brand Book of the State of Washington.

Washington (State), Department of Agriculture, Washington State Library, and Electronic State Publications. Branding Irons. [Olympia, Wash.]: [Washington State Dept. of Agriculture]. http://www.sos.wa.gov/library/docs/AGR/SL_AGR2004_000008.html.

Watt, Phyllis McKeever. Livestock Brands: Garfield County, Montana. [Jordan, Mont.]: The Author, 1957.

Western Montana Stockmen’s Association. Brand Book of the Western Montana Stockmen’s Association for the Following Counties: Sanders, Lake, Flathead, Missoula. [Montana]: [Western Montana Stockmen’s Association], 1973.

Western National Bank of Denton, Tex. Denton County Brands. Denton, Tex.: Western National Bank, 1970.

Williams, Villamae. Chambers County Brands. Ozark, Mo.: Yates Pub. Co., 1983.

Wyoming Live Stock and Sanitary Board. “Official Brand Book of the State of Wyoming.” Official Brand Book of the State of Wyoming.

Wyoming Stock Growers Association, and Newberry Library. Cattle Brands Owned by Members of the Wyoming Stock Growers’ Association. Chicago: J.M.W. Jones Stationery and Print. Co., 1882.

Yellowstone CowBelles. Brand Book for Yellowstone, Big Horn and Musselshell Counties, State of Montana: Livestock Brands Registered to January, 1983. Billings, Mont.: Yellowstone CowBelles, 1983.

———. Brand Book for Yellowstone, Big Horn and Musselshell Counties, State of Montana: Livestock Brands Registered to June 1, 1973. Billings, Mont.: Yellowstone CowBelles, 1973.