Some people eat, sleep and chew gum, I do genealogy and write...

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Genealogy and Genealogical Records in India


From time to time I get inquiries about genealogical research in India. Yes, there are some records available online, but no they are not particularly easy to access and compared to the approximately 1.37 billion people who live in India, there are relatively few genealogical records that are easily accessible online. FamilySearch.org has some records but compared to the total population of the country, the coverage is not extensive. You can see a list of the available records from FamilySearch for the entire country on the FamilySearch.org India page.

https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/location/1927063?region=India
Most of the records available on FamilySearch for India are in the Catalog but do not show up in the indexed historical records and are available only as images. There are hundreds of records listed in the FamilySearch Catalog and they are summarized on the India page shown in the image above. Some of these materials that are available are only accessible while in the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah. You will also find that most of the records are images only and that there are no translations so unless you can read the script and know the language, they will be of little assistance. Here is an example.

https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSQX-Z98F-N?i=32&cat=2574543
There are a few records on Ancestry.com, but these are mainly records of the English occupation of India. The Ancestry.com catalog presently shows 21 collections but many of these collections are general and not specific to India. There are also relatively few records on MyHeritage.com but a search for India in the MyHeritage family trees shows over 700,000 entries.  It is entirely possible that you could connect to a relative in India using MyHeritage.com.

Here is a screenshot of the Ancestry.com page for India:


If you look at the population of India and then look at the number of records in the collections, you can see that the coverage is very small. Probably, the best place to start is with the FamilySearch.org Research Wiki for India Genealogy.

https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/India_Genealogy
You will find that many of the records listed for India are actually from the British occupation but it is profitable to start looking at all the resources available as listed in the Research Wiki. You can also start doing a general online search for India genealogical records or India genealogy and find a number of entries. While searching for genealogical records, you will soon discover that many of the references will lead you to the British occupation of India.

One place to start looking for records from India is the National Archives of India.

http://nationalarchives.nic.in/
There are also some online records from the National Archives of India.

http://nationalarchives.nic.in/content/online-records-national-archives-india
India has a web-portal for access to the records online called the "Abhilekh patal"

https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/
This website includes a link to a "5 Step User Guide." Here is a screenshot from the guide.


The Guide can be downloaded.

The BBC ran part of a series on "Tracing your Asian roots on the Indian subcontinent." Quoting from that website:
Before The National Archives were set up in India, there was a system of keeping manuscript records which were created by Hindu rulers, sultans, Mughal and other Muslim rulers. 
Records may be available in the form of palm leaf, bark, parchment, silk, leather and cloth manuscripts. Records created by the Indian local rulers, Hindu temples, Islamic shrines, gurdwaras, and waqf authorities (the Charitable Islamic Trust) may be kept at the local state libraries, museums and relevant State Archives. 
These documents can give a certain degree of family history information on elite families and higher-ranking officials who served the local rulers. 
In 1891 (during the British period), the National Archives of India was established as the Imperial Record Department in Calcutta. Since 1947, the National Archives of India has established four regional offices at Bhopal, Jaipur, Bhubaneswar and Pandicherry.
The BBC article cited above is helpful in outlining where other records may be available.

There is an IndiaGenWeb page that can also link you to some resources.

https://www.worldgenweb.net/india/
You can explore more from this page but the links become rather circular.

There are additional possible resources on Wikipedia.org although the references will link you to other websites. There are quite a few records from British India, see "Online Databases & Records for Research in British India." Many of these British records are also available on FindMyPast.com.

Friday, September 13, 2019

The Ultimate Digital Preservation Guide, Part Thirteen: Damage

Damaged book from the Maryland State Archives
Document damage is inevitable. Even if the documents are not subject to war, floods, earthquakes, or other types of disasters, time itself is the cause of damage. The archival term for the tendency of physical objects to deteriorate is "inherent vice." This is due to the fundamental instability of the components of which they are made, as opposed to deterioration caused by external forces. See Wikipedia: Inherent vice. You can find a relatively complete list of archival and record terms in the following from the website of the Society of American Archivists.

“A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology | Society of American Archivists.” Accessed September 13, 2019. https://www2.archivists.org/glossary.

Here is a quote from the above-cited Wikipedia article describing the issues:
The term is broadly used in archival practice to recognize the material constraints of preservation activities. For example, many kinds of paper have acid in them that makes them chemically unstable. Over time, the acid will eat away the text on the page and cause paper to turn yellow or brown and become brittle. As the acid continues to break down the cellulose fibers, the paper disintegrates. In the world of philately, the adhesive on the back of stamps is both an inherent vice—any exposure to moisture will compromise their ability to be preserved—as well as the purpose for which the stamps were made. In the case of film, an example of inherent vice is the innate chemical instability of cellulose acetate film, which can result in the degradation known as "vinegar syndrome" due to the distinctive vinegar odor it produces.
Slowing this tendency of objects to self-destruct requires an understanding of how materials interact. This includes not just an understanding of the intrinsic qualities of the materials themselves, but also the way that they affect and are affected by the other materials that they come into contact with. For example, leather and metal are two materials which are frequently used in combination with each other, but react to each other over time to cause corrosion on the metal. 
The presence of deteriorating agents is a problem which can be tempered by selecting archival quality materials, such as acid free paper. However, frequently the objective of manufacturers is to make a process (i.e. papermaking, book binding, etc.) faster and easier; the longevity of the items they produce is not their primary concern.
In short, physical preservation is a never-ending challenge. What this means for anyone wishing to preserve physical object (including paper-based records) is that preservation needs to be proactive. The longer you wait before taking action, the more serious the problems become.

The loss of information due to both external causes and document deterioration is substantial and ongoing. Once the documents are damaged, the cost of restoration can run into the hundreds of dollars per page. The process involved includes cleaning, deacidifying, pressing. frame removal, debacking or dematting, mounting to archival material, mold treatment, retouching, and significant tape removal. See ACA Paper Restoration for an example.

The Preservation Directorate of the Library of Congress lists the following format types that are a concern:

  • Books
  • Paper
  • Photographs
  • Scrapbooks and Albums
  • Newspapers
  • Comic Books
  • Audio-Visual: Grooved Media, Magnetic Tape, and Optical Discs
  • Audio-Visual: Motion Picture Film
  • Asian Bindings
Here are some additional categories of objects:

  • Dishes/Glassware/Silverware
  • Firearms
  • Furniture
  • Jewelry
  • Native American Items
  • Natural History Specimens
  • Textiles/Clothing/Uniforms
  • Tools/Mechanical/Instruments
  • Toys
  • Works of Art

However, the list can go on with other types of physical objects and each type of object has its own peculiarities that mandate different methods of preservation. For more information see the following websites:


“Connecting to Collections Care Online Community.” Accessed September 13, 2019. https://www.connectingtocollections.org/.
“Saving Your Treasures | Netnebraska.Org.” Accessed September 13, 2019. http://netnebraska.org/basic-page/television/saving-your-treasures.

For a more extensive list see the Saving Your Treasures Resources list. 

The amount of information online about preservation reflects the seriousness of the issues involved. That is why this is an almost endless topic for a blog post series.

Part One: https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2019/06/the-ultimate-digital-preservation-guide.html
Part Two: https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2019/06/the-ultimate-digital-preservation-guide_10.html
Part Three: https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2019/06/the-ultimate-digital-preservation-guide_14.html
Part Four: https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-ultimate-digital-preservation-guide.html
Part Five: https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-ultimate-digital-preservation-guide_10.html
Part Six: https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-ultimate-digital-preservation-guide_25.html
Part Seven: https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-ultimate-digital-preservation-guide_29.html
Part Eight: https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-ultimate-digital-preservation-guide.html
Part Nine: https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-ultimate-digital-preservation-guide_13.html
Part Ten: https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-ultimate-digital-preservation-guide_16.html
Part Eleven:https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-ultimate-digital-preservation-guide_25.html
Part Twelve: https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2019/09/the-ultimate-digital-preservation-guide.html

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Spam Comments: Don't tell me how great my blog is



I do not get a lot of valid comments to my blog posts. I have to say something fairly controversial to get any comments at all. But I do get several spam comments a week. All my received comments are moderated and all the spam comments are deleted. It is really easy to spot the spam comments because they invariably start out by telling me some old blog post is well written or informative or whatever. For example, here is the initial wording from a spam comment: "Informative. It’s not easy to get such quality information online nowadays. Great going."

Real comments rarely say anything about the writing, they comment on the topic. Many of the spam comments are simply a sales pitch for some product or service. I invariably delete all these comments before they are published.

So, if you want to comment, make your comment specific to the blog post. If you want to tell me I am doing a good job or not, just post to my Facebook posts and say anything you want to say. Remember, if you use abusive language on Facebook, you might get banned from the website. I have had a very few comments on Facebook in that category.

Additional Comments on Claims of Ownership to Genealogical Research


This is one issue in dealing with genealogical research that refuses to go away. This round of my discussion on the issue begins with a hypothetical situation. Let's suppose that you are a "'professional" genealogist which essentially means that you expect some monetary compensation for your research for other people. In conjunction with your representation of a client, you travel to an archive and do some research on your client's behalf. In the course of your research, you copy several documents from the archive's holdings. You then write your research report to your client and get paid for your efforts. Who owns the research report? Who owns the copies of the documents you copied from the archive? What do I mean when I use the term "own" in conjunction with this hypothetical? Can a researcher make claims to "ownership" that extend beyond the protection offered by his or her country's copyright laws?

There are two concepts that apply to the answers to these questions. The first is the application of the national copyright law where the agreement for the research is made and the second is an amorphous claim of "work product."

Fundamentally, the parties to a professional services agreement or contract can agree about the ownership of the copyright and any other terms of the employment agreement. This only works, in a legal context, if the parties to the contract reduce their agreement to writing. There is a vast law of oral contracts but it would be extremely difficult to maintain a claim for copyright ownership based on an oral contract.

The professional genealogical researcher can include a provision in any employment contract that he or she retains the copyright to any of the reports or other items produced. The researcher would want to maintain this position for the purpose of using the research report in future publications. What about the document copies obtained from a library or archive? It is possible that the archive, library, or other institution already claims some sort of copyright interest to the documents and that the researcher had to comply with those requirements to obtain the copies. In the absence of an institutional claim to copyright, the documents may not be subject to any other copyright claims. In that case, the researcher cannot obtain a copyright claim to the documents by simply doing research and making copies. The researcher can obtain no rights superior to the original owner, i.e. the institution. If the institution does not claim any rights, then there is no copyright and if the researcher copies the documents and gives a copy to his or her client, the client has just as much right to the documents as the researcher. Including the documents in a copyright-protected report does not change this relationship. You cannot impose a copyright claim on a copy.

It is important to remember, in this context, you may own a copyright interest in your work but not in any copies of any documents you may find in a repository. The fact that you "did the research or work" to find the documents is irrelevant to the issue of copyright claims.

Now let's suppose that you are not a hired professional but merely doing research for your own purposes. You still have a copyright claim to any work, i.e. writing or report, you make. But there is nothing you can do that gives you the right to claim ownership to any documents you obtain through making a copy. Now, let's add one more factor: you put your information online for people to access either by putting the information in an online family tree or your own website or blog or whatever. If you add the "information" to an online family tree, it is no longer subject to any possible claim of copyright. If you add the documents to your online work or family tree, you never had any interest in the documents in the first place and so do not have any copyright claim merely because you were the one who found the document and put it online. The general rule is that information or facts cannot be copyright protected.

What about attribution? Yes, what about attribution? In an academic or other professional settings, attribution is a big deal. Let's suppose in this context that you make a copy of the document from an institution (library, archive, etc.) and you modify the document by putting your own name and other information on the document. For example, you copy a census record and then add a caption to the copy that says something like: "This document was obtained by the work effort of John Doe and cannot be further copies for any purpose." If you fail to give a complete citation to where you obtained the document you are already violating any customs of attribution. Your statement is a nullity. You obtain no additional rights to the document neither can you claim a copyright interest and if someone were to copy the document from your publication and leave off your writing, you would not have any claim at all except in an academic or professional context for attribution.

Genealogical information obtained by research comes from historical documents. Doing genealogical research and copying the information from original records does not change the nature of any copyright protection if any that the original documents made have. But doing genealogical research per se does not give you any rights just because you did the research. There is no amorphous right to a "work product" in the context of genealogical research. You either have a copyright claim or you don't.

Unfortunately, claims of ownership by researchers are usually irrational and based on a desire for recognition. The tragedy is that those who claim ownership ultimately die and their work is lost because no one appreciates the work that went into its production. From my perspective, the nice thing about personal copyright claims is that you can ignore any of your own claims and not worry about your family members copying your work. My position is that doing the work is its own reward. I appreciate recognition and attribution, but I do not stop sharing my work on the basis of any claims I may have to copyright or ownership. That said if I did find that someone had copied my work verbatim, I would probably make a request that they attribute my work. But if I put my work in an online family tree, I have no expectation of either copyright or attribution. 

Monday, September 9, 2019

Why I would attend a genealogy conference


I am writing this while attending the MyHeritage LIVE Conference in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. When all of the sessions of the MyHeritage LIVE Conference are streamed live and will also be available online after the conference, you may wonder why we would come to a conference? Over the past few years, many genealogy conferences, both large and small, have migrated to posting either live broadcasts of their conference or selected portions. The idea is to make the conference available to a larger audience but in some cases, the online availability impacts the overall attendance at the conference. In response, some conference organizers are now moving to a fee-based online access and are even holding entirely virtual conferences.

The cost of attending a major genealogy (or any other type of conference) can be considerable when you include the charge for the event, the cost of travel and accommodation and the extra costs always associated with travel. In addition, despite years of promoting genealogy to younger target audiences, those who are interested in attending a genealogy conference are still much older than the average age of any country's general population and despite interest, age is a factor in actual physical attendance.

Most of the statistics about conference attendance include professional and trade conferences where attendance is either paid by an employer or attendance is required to maintain a certain employment level. For example, my children who are professionals, mostly university associated, attend conferences as an integral part of their professional responsibilities and involvement. These types of conferences do not compare to interest conferences such as general interest genealogy conference. Trade conferences are also almost mandatory for some trades and industries. One of the largest such trade conferences is the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas every January. By the way, the registration fee is around $300 to $1,700 depending on your participation and attendance is limited to consumer electronics professionals representing specific businesses. Attendance at the conference is over 175,000 people.

The MyHeritage LIVE Conference is a "user" conference aimed specifically at a known group of the website's advocates and supporters. Those attending the conference specifically wanted to be there and were well aware of the cost of attendance. The attendees came from more than 20 different countries. Because they all shared a common interest, there was considerable interaction at a number of different levels between the participants. The internet broadcast of the conference merely increased the total attendance into the tens of thousands many of whom will plan on attending the next year's conference which was announced to be held in Israel.

The real reason conferences are still relevant in the internet world is the advantage of person-to-person contact such as took place at the MyHeritage LIVE Conference. Of course, I was invited to present at the conference but the advantages of being here in person far outweigh any excuses you can think of for not attending including the availability of the conference presentations online. Being here in person is vastly different than listening online.

Now, does the MyHeritage experience apply to general interest conferences organized around a membership organization? Some of the incentives for attendance are the same. Personal interaction is always a better experience than sitting at home and listening to a broadcast. But without the incentive of a specific common interest such as a user group other than the general common interest of genealogy as a subject, can conferences survive in the world of instant communication?

One major consideration for the conference organizers is the cost of the event. In the past, the number of paid participants attending a conference could balance the out of pocket costs of the sponsor. I am certain that some major conferences such as the Consumer Electronics Show can garner enough interest to offset the production cost. But I am also convinced that many of the conferences without the industry draw of the Consumer Electronics Show will continue to disappear. This prediction applies specifically to general interest genealogy conferences. The assumed general interest of the world's population in family history and genealogy does not translate well into conference attendance. Likewise, the draw of having a schedule of presentations by relatively unknown individuals when their presentations are available online is not going to increase attendance.

One factor for larger conferences is the continued participation of vendors. A major part of the income from large conferences come from the fees paid by vendors to have a booth on the exhibit floor. If attendance drops, the vendors sell less and soon decide that that cost of the conference is not worth the number of sales.

The reality of general interest conferences, both large and small, is that the sponsoring organizations will be forced to subsidize their conferences in larger measure and realize that paid attendance is not going to cover a significant portion of the overall cost of the conference. Hence, the idea of a "virtual" conference thereby dramatically cutting down the overhead becomes attractive, becomes attractive. Will those who are involved in genealogy pay to attend a virtual conference? Perhaps. However, the vendors at those conferences will not be so eager to subsidize the conference if they do not see an economic advantage to doing so.

So the issue of whether or not large general-interest genealogy conferences will continue to be held is going to be determined, to a great extent, by whether or not the sponsors want to continue subsidizing the conferences simply for the purpose of keeping them going. In the not too distant past, several long-standing genealogy conferences have been discontinued or reduced in frequency and this trend is very likely to continue.

Saturday, September 7, 2019

MyHeritage LIVE Conference: The Impact of DNA Testing on Genealogical Research


DNA testing has become established as an integral part of the world-wide genealogical community and MyHeritage.com is making major technological advances extending DNA testing from its current position as a genealogical research tool by expanding their DNA Health program. 

https://www.myheritage.com/health?s=562098391
The expansion of the MyHeritage.com Health DNA testing program was one of the highlights of the opening presentation by Gilad Japhet, CEO and Founder, at the MyHeritage LIVE Conference in Amsterdam, the Netherlands on September 7, 2019. In an earlier post entitled, MyHeritage LIVE: The Future is Bright, I wrote about the announcement of MyHeritage's acquisition of SNPedia and Promethease, adding a vital link in MyHeritage's advancement in this rapidly expanding and innovative addition to the health wellness industry. But Gilad Jephet's comments went well beyond the subject of the acquisition. 

Going back in time, DNA testing has become a standard in criminal investigations. Early on, when DNA testing was still an innovation, a substantial number of existing criminal convictions were overturned and are still being overturned by subsequent DNA analysis of the evidence. DNA testing, with the proper procedural prerequisites, is regularly used in criminal prosecutions. Presently, genealogical DNA testing is going through a phase where many DNA tests are motivated by casual interest or curiosity. But as technology advances, even the popular ethnicity estimates will become more accurate and used for more serious research. 

During his presentation, Gilad Japhet expanded on the future of MyHeritage DNA Ethnicity Estimates by outlining the efforts being made by MyHeritage to dramatically increase the accuracy of the estimates by focusing on a more comprehensive and detailed representative basis for the DNA comparisons. He outlined an expanded European comparison base that would include specific ethnic groups down to the local county or district level. 

His comments also included an analysis of the important part that MyHeritage DNA Health testing could play in improving the detections of several types of genetic-based illness and conditions. DNA Health along with Genealogy and genealogical DNA testing make a well-rounded and complementary system. Genetic diseases are, by their nature, inherited and there has always been a component of genealogy interested in ancestral diseases and infirmities.

With the steady increase in online genealogical source records, the recent increase in interest in DNA testing has opened new avenues to resolve multiple previously very difficult to resolve genealogical challenges. The most obvious of these is the identification of near relatives by those who were adopted or otherwise never knew their parents. But as the results from DNA tests become more detailed and genealogically accurate, those who use these new tools will find useful avenues that will assist genealogical research in ways we cannot presently imagine.

Unfortunately, many people who take a DNA test do not follow up with the information provided and begin a family tree. With a family tree, a DNA test moves beyond curiosity and begins to be of use in finding and connecting with relatives and learning about their ancestral heritage.

I can only guess at what the future might bring, but I do know that MyHeritage will be at the forefront of any technological developments. 

New MyHeritage Education Center announced at MyHeritage LIVE 2019


During the MyHeritage LIVE  user conference, MyHeritage announced MyHeritage Education: a new online resource center for enhancing your understanding of the MyHeritage platform and to help you make the most of your family history research. Quoting from the announcement:
Available in English, German, Dutch, French, Swedish, and Norwegian, the new Education Center includes loads of learning materials that will help you learn about every facet of MyHeritage. Articles, how-to videos, and webinars cover a wide variety of topics, including plenty of tips for everyone from beginner family history enthusiasts to seasoned genealogists. 
We will be adding new languages in the future, and we will be constantly be adding new content in each language. 
Whether you’re a new MyHeritage user, just starting your journey into family history research or a genealogy veteran, MyHeritage Education is sure to benefit you and help you make the most of your MyHeritage experience. 
Read more about this exciting new site in the blog post, and feel free to share it with all the world.  
MyHeritage LIVE live stream continues throughout the conference on the MyHeritage LIVE website or the MyHeritage Facebook page.